Factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies:A test of VBN theory

This paper examines factors influencing the acceptability of energy policies aimed to reduce the emission of CO2 by households. More specifically, it is Studied to what extent the value-belief-norm theory of environmentalism (VBN theory; Stern, [(2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56(3), 407-424.]) is successful in explaining acceptability judgements. In contrast to previous studies, we test the full VBN theory. A questionnaire Study was conducted among 112 Dutch respondents. Results confirmed the causal order of the variables in VBN theory, moving from relative stable general values to belief's about human-environment relations, which in turn affect behaviour specific beliefs and norms, and acceptability judgements, respectively. As expected, all variables were significantly related to the next variable in the causal chain. Biospheric values were also significantly related to feelings of moral obligation to reduce household energy consumption when intermediate variables were controlled for. Furthermore, as hypothesized, personal norms mediated the relationship between AR and acceptability judgements, AR beliefs mediated the relationship between AC beliefs and personal norms, AC beliefs mediated the relationship between NEP and AR beliefs, and NEP mediated the relationship between values and AC beliefs. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.</p

Thou shalt not steal: Effects of normative cues on attitudes towards theft.

In this study, we examine how normative cues influence attitudes towards theft. In a 3 × 2 × 2 within-subjects design (N = 120), we found that people had more negative attitudes towards theft when: 1) a higher value item was stolen than when a lower value item was stolen; 2) the theft took place in a public setting than when it took place in a private setting; and 3) the theft took place in a tidy rather than messy setting. Furthermore, our findings showed interaction effects between the value of a stolen item and 1) the cleanliness of the environment; and 2) the privateness of a setting, on attitudes towards theft. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

Persuasive Normative Messages: The Influence of Injunctive and Personal Norms on Using Free Plastic Bags

In this exploratory field-study, we examined how normative messages (i.e., activating an injunctive norm, personal norm, or both) could encourage shoppers to use fewer free plastic bags for their shopping in addition to the supermarket’s standard environmental message aimed at reducing plastic bags. In a one-way subjects-design (N = 200) at a local supermarket, we showed that shoppers used significantly fewer free plastic bags in the injunctive, personal and combined normative message condition than in the condition where only an environmental message was present. The combined normative message did result in the smallest uptake of free plastic bags compared to the injunctive and personal normative-only message, although these differences were not significant. Our findings imply that re-wording the supermarket’s environmental message by including normative information could be a promising way to reduce the use of free plastic bags, which will ultimately benefit the environmen

Buildings behaving badly:A behavioral experiment on how different motivational frames influence residential energy label adoption in the Netherlands

Heating buildings contributes to approximately 36% of Europe’s energy demand and several EU member states have adopted mandatory energy labels to improve energy efficiency by promoting home weatherization investments. This paper focuses on the perception of the energy label for residential buildings in the Netherlands and the role of different frames (egoistic, biospheric and social norms and neutral frames) in motivating adoption of energy labels for housing. We used a behavioral email experiment and an online survey to investigate these motivational factors. We find that biospheric frames are weaker than the other three motivational frames in terms of engaging interest in the energy label, but that the biospheric frame results in higher willingness to pay (WTP) for the energy label. We also find that age (rather than income) correlates with higher willingness to pay for home energy labels

Spatial Attention Interacts With Serial-Order Retrieval From Verbal Working Memory

The ability to maintain the serial order of events is recognized as a major function of working memory. Although general models of working memory postulate a close link between working memory and attention, such a link has so far not been proposed specifically for serial-order working memory. The present study provided the first empirical demonstration of a direct link between serial order in verbal working memory and spatial selective attention. We show that the retrieval of later items of a sequence stored in working memory-compared with that of earlier items-produces covert attentional shifts toward the right. This observation suggests the conceptually surprising notion that serial-order working memory, even for nonspatially defined verbal items, draws on spatial attention. © The Author(s) 2013.Peer reviewe

Social influence in the global diffusion of alternative fuel vehicles – A meta-analysis

Alternative fuel vehicle technologies are needed to mitigate rising greenhouse gas emissions from transport. Social influence is integral to the diffusion of private vehicles which are highly visible and fulfill practical as well as social functions. This paper provides the first meta-analysis of empirical studies which measure the strength of social influence on consumer vehicle choice. A systematic literature review identified 21 studies that examined three types of social influence: interpersonal communication; neighbourhood effect; and conformity with social norms. A random effects meta-analysis found a significant and small to moderate effect of social influence on vehicle choices (r = 0.241, p < 0.001). The overall effect size did not vary significantly between types of social influence nor between types of vehicle (conventional or alternative fuel). However, further analysis using meta-regression found that heterogeneity in social influence effect size across studies was explained by differences in countries' cultural receptiveness to normative influence. These findings have important implications for policy and modelling analysis of alternative fuel vehicle adoption, for which diffusion is both a socially and culturally-mediated process

Long-term effects of a modified, low-protein infant formula on growth and body composition:Follow-up of a randomized, double-blind, equivalence trial

Background & aim: High protein intake in early life is associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity. Feeding a modified lower-protein (mLP) infant formula (1.7 g protein/100 kcal) until the age of 6 months is safe and supports adequate growth. The aim of the present study is to assess longer-term anthropometry with BMI at 1 and 2 years as primary outcome parameter and body composition in children fed mLP formula. Methods: Healthy term-born infants received mLP or control formula (CTRL) (2.1 g protein/100 kcal) until 6 months of age in a double-blinded RCT. A breast-fed (BF) group served as a reference. Anthropometry data were obtained at 1 and 2 years of age. At the age of 2 years, body composition was measured with air-displacement plethysmography. Groups were compared using linear mixed model analysis. Results: At 1 and 2 years of age, anthropometry, including BMI, and body composition did not differ between the formula groups (n = 74 mLP; n = 69 CTRL). Compared to the BF group (n = 51), both formula-fed groups had higher z scores for weight for age, length for age, waist circumference for age, and mid-upper arm circumference for age at 1 year of age, but not at 2 years of age (except for z score of weight for age in the mLP group). In comparison to the BF group, only the mLP group had higher fat mass, fat-free mass, and fat mass index. However, % body fat did not differ between feeding groups. Conclusions: In this follow-up study, no significant differences in anthropometry or body composition were observed until 2 years of age between infants fed mLP and CTRL formula, despite the significantly lower protein intake in the mLP group during the intervention period. The observed differences in growth and body composition between the mLP group and the BF reference group makes it necessary to execute new trials evaluating infant formulas with improved protein quality together with further reductions in protein content. Clinical Trial Registry: This trial was registered in the Dutch Trial Register (Study ID number NTR4829, trial number NL4677). https://www.trialregister.nl/trial/4677

The Gravitational Lens -- Galaxy Group Connection. II. Groups Associated with B2319+051 and B1600+434

We report on the results of a spectroscopic survey of the environments of the gravitational lens systems CLASS B1600+434 (z_l = 0.41, z_s = 1.59) and CLASS B2319+051 (z_l = 0.62). The B1600+434 system has a time delay measured for it, and we find the system to lie in a group with a velocity dispersion of 100 km/s and at least six members. B2319+051 has a large group in its immediate foreground with at least 10 members and a velocity dispersion of 460 km/s and another in the background of the lens with a velocity dispersion of 190 km/s. There are several other small groups in the fields of these lens systems, and we describe the properties of these moderate redshift groups. Furthermore, we quantify the effects of these group structures on the gravitational lenses and find a ~5% correction to the derived value of H_0 for B1600+434.Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures, submitted to A

Measurement of the main and critical parameters for optimal laser treatment of heart disease

Abstract: Laser light is frequently used in the diagnosis and treatment of patients. As in traditional treatments such as medication, bypass surgery, and minimally invasive ways, laser treatment can also fail and present serious side effects. The true reason for laser treatment failure or the side effects thereof, remains unknown. From the literature review conducted, and experimental results generated we conclude that an optimal laser treatment for coronary artery disease (named heart disease) can be obtained if certain critical parameters are correctly measured and understood. These parameters include the laser power, the laser beam profile, the fluence rate, the treatment time, as well as the absorption and scattering coefficients of the target treatment tissue. Therefore, this paper proposes different, accurate methods for the measurement of these critical parameters to determine the optimal laser treatment of heart disease with a minimal risk of side effects. The results from the measurement of absorption and scattering properties can be used in a computer simulation package to predict the fluence rate. The computing technique is a program based on the random number (Monte Carlo) process and probability statistics to track the propagation of photons through a biological tissue